Given the following smelting recipes:

Gold ingot -> furnace (0% experience chance)

{
    "type": "smelting",
    "ingredient": {
        "item": "minecraft:gold_ingot"
    },
    "result": "minecraft:furnace",
    "experience": 0.0,
    "cookingtime": 5
}

Dirt -> crafting table (100% experience chance)

{
    "type": "smelting",
    "ingredient": {
        "item": "minecraft:dirt"
    },
    "result": "minecraft:crafting_table",
    "experience": 1.0,
    "cookingtime": 5
}

And arranging them in a furnace like so, such that the 0%-experience item has been previously smelted while placing the 100%-experience item in the queue:

Taking the 0%-experience items out of the furnace will provide the player with experience, using the chances from the item in the queue.

A secondary issue is that arises due to this is that if no item is in the cooking slot, no experience will be provided when taking out the cooked items.