Unfortunately unable to tag any versions below 1.13.

The Java executable included with the Minecraft installation apparently does not work for some systems. A rather odd situation.

Minecraft versions 1.8.9 and below seem to be completely unaffected under this environment, however when using any version 1.9+ the issue occurs. The FPS will go no higher than 3 frames as I've experienced, no matter what the settings have been changed to. The only workaround I have found is to set the Java executable to the one included in a Java installation (for Windows 64-bit, usually located in C:\Program Files\Java\jre[version]\bin) using the launcher profile advanced options.