Using item data components, it should be possible to override food item properties, however, honey bottles are only partially compatible.

/give @p minecraft:honey_bottle[minecraft:food={"nutrition": 1,"saturation": 0,"can_always_eat": true,"eat_seconds": 10}]

This command should set the eat_seconds to 10s, but it has no effect. On the other hand, all other changes apply, altering the nutrition and saturation properly.

Even when trying to completely remove the food component: /give @p minecraft:honey_bottle[!minecraft:food] The honey bottle can still be consumed, but provides no nutrition or saturation.

This is in contrast to how it works with any other food item, where it cannot be eaten at all.