Sometimes, the Intel igfx driver may crash. This causes the system to freeze for a few seconds before resuming operation as normal. (On Windows, this prints a message to the system event log reading "Display driver igfx stopped responding and has successfully recovered.") I don't know the exact cause of the crash, but the most reliable way I've found to achieve it is to scribble in PowerPoint or Snip & Sketch using the pen tool for several seconds.

While this driver crash is not inherently a Minecraft issue, Minecraft fails to recover from it properly. Instead of briefly freezing and then resuming, it gets stuck on the last frame, and remains visually unresponsive until the game is force-closed and restarted. This issue is only visual: sounds will continue to play as normal, and the player can still interact with the world (you can test this by setting up a note block powered by a clock and pointing the crosshair at it before initiating the driver crash; the note will continue to play, and left-clicking will break the block and halt the noise).

This issue only occurs in vanilla Minecraft. It does not occur in any other software running on my machine, nor does it happen if I'm running a version of Minecraft with some Fabric optimisation mods installed. This strongly suggests that the bug is actually a Minecraft issue, as opposed to a Windows or Intel issue.

Edit: Video of this happening: https://youtu.be/s9jq8T_s-vg