When attempting to start the launcher, it attempts to update, however the update always appears to fail if the runtime location is not ~/Library/Application Support/minecraft/, but is instead formed using a symbolic link to another volume.

It can be manually resolved by moving the required files to the correct location, which I found from this forum post, where they think it is caused by the space in "Application Support".

The nativeUpdaterLog.txt mentioned the error code "Error: Cross-device link" when attempting to move a file from /var/ into the launcher directory. I can't find the full log though, as it was overwritten once I manually moved the required files.

MCL-12204 mentions it fails to run on macOS 10.15, but I'm unsure if this is related, as I had an issue with macOS 10.14. Also MCL-12208 mentions a similar issue. I can't tell if either of them are using symlinks though, if so this may be a duplicate.