Upon launching the Minecraft launcher from the dashboard, the dock showed the icon for about half a second before immediately quitting. The console showed no apparent messages concerning Minecraft, and no .log file was created. Here is a list of what I tried:

-Launching Minecraft from Finder (as opposed to the dashboard)
-Opening package contents and going through folders trying to find executables or .jar files
-Reinstalling the launcher

None of this worked. For further explanation, a video has been provided as an attachment.