When mining a lever the particles come out of the bottom, north east corner of the block it is in. I would expect the particles to come out of the lever.

When mining a ladder the particles come out of the opposite side of the block the ladder is in as if the ladder was a full block. So if I mine the ladder that is connected to the east side of a block the particles come out of the east side of the ladder's block.

To reproduce any of these just go into creative and place one and mine with a sword.

In the picture with tne yellow circle and red arrow I expect the particles to come out where the red arrow is pointing but they come out where the yellow circle is.