Most likely reason behind this issue: since windows 11 supports downloading android apps via the Microsoft Store powered by the Amazon App Store, letting Minecraft be sold on there would give players a cheaper alternative as Minecraft for Android costs about $7, and Minecraft for Windows costs about $27. This is not a bug, it's intentional.

Minecraft for Android found on the Android Amazon App Store has the Minecraft build 1.17.41 instead of 1.18.1. (Bug initially stared at 1.18.0)

I've updated Minecraft, and it says it's 1.17.41. I can't find any 1.18.x in-game features either meaning that the game isn't mislabeled.

I updated my game well after the release. And tried uninstalling fully and reinstalling, but it's still 1.17. The release logs in the Amazon App Store do contain notes about 1.18.x.

I'm on a Galaxy S8, Android 9. Latest version of Amazon App Store.

This bug should resolve itself on a new release to the Amazon App Store. The bug continues to take place upon newer releases.